Concept: Quandrilaterals & Polygons

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• Sum of all the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°

• Sum of all the exterior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°

• Area = ½ × (one diagonal) × (Sum of heights on this diagonal)

• Area = ½ × d₁d₂ × 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝜃

• Sum of the 4 sides > Sum of the 2 diagonals

• Any side < Sum of the remaining 3 sides

• Any side > Least difference of any of the remaining 2 sides

General Properties of Parallelograms

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• Opposite sides are parallel and equal

• Opposite angles are equal

• Area = base × height

• Diagonals bisect each other

• Adjacent angles are supplementary

• Each diagonal divides the ||^gm in two congruent triangles.

• AC² + BD² = AB² + BC² + CD² + DA²

• Parallelogram with same base and between same parallel lines will have same area

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• All properties of a ||^gm.

• All angles are equal to 90°.

• Both diagonals are equal and bisect each other.

• AC = BD = $\sqrt{l^2+b^2}$
• OA = OB = OC = OD

• If P is a point inside the rectangle, then

PA² + PC² = PB² + PD²

• Area = l × b

• Figure formed by joining the midpoints is a rhombus.

• Rectangle has a circumcircle but not incircle.

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• All properties of a rectangle.

• Both diagonals are equal (a√2) and bisect each other at 90°.

• Diagonals bisect the vertex angles.

• Area = a²

• Figure formed by joining the midpoints is a square.

• Square has both circumcircle as well as a incircle.

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• All properties of a ||^gm.

• Diagonals are not necessarily equal but bisect each other at 90°

• Diagonals bisect the vertex angles.

• d₁² + d₂² = 4a²

• Area = ½ × d₁d₂

• Figure formed by joining the midpoints is a rectangle.

• Rhombus has an incircle but no circumcircle.

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• Kite is not a parallelogram.

• 2 pair of Adjacent sides are equal.

Here, AD = AB and CD = CB

• Bigger diagonal bisects the smaller diagonal at 90°.

• Area = ½ × d₁d₂

• Opposite angles along the smaller diagonal are equal.

Here, ∠D = ∠B

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• One pair of opposite sides (bases) is parallel.

• Area = ½ × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 × (𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠)

• The length of a line dividing the oblique sides in the ratio a : b is given by

$\frac{\mathrm{a}}{\mathrm{a\; +\; b}}$ × CD + $\frac{\mathrm{b}}{\mathrm{a\; +\; b}}$ × AB

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• Diagonals divide the median in the ratio of length of parallel sides

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Isosceles Trapezium

• If oblique sides are equal, it is called an isosceles trapezium.

AD = BC and ∠D = ∠C

• If a trapezium is inscribed inside a circle, it will always be an isosceles trapezium, i.e. its non−parallel sides will be equal

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• A quadrilateral whose all 4 vertices lie on the same circle is called a cyclic quadrilateral. The sum of any two opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral is 180°.

• Area of a cyclic quadrilateral = $\sqrt{\mathrm{(s\; -\; a)(s\; -\; b)(s\; -\; c)(s\; -\; d)}}$

where s = semiperimeter = $\frac{\mathrm{a\; +\; b\; +\; c\; +\; d}}{2}$

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• A polygon is a closed figure bounded by three or more straight lines, known as sides. It has as many vertices as the number of sides, with no three of them collinear.

• A line joining two non−adjacent vertices is known as the diagonal.

• No. of diagonals in a ‘n’ sided polygon: $\frac{\mathrm{n(n\; -\; 3)}}{2}$

• Sum of internal angles of a ′n′ sided polygon: (n - 2)π

• Sum of exterior angles of a ′n′ sided polygon: 2π

• A convex polygon has all angles < 180°.

• A concave polygon has at least one angle > 180°.

• Measure of each interior angle: $\frac{\mathrm{n(n\; -\; 2)\pi }}{2}$

• Measure of each exterior angle: $\frac{\mathrm{2\pi }}{\mathrm{n}}$

• Area of a regular ′n′ sided polygon: n × (area of smaller triangle)

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i.e., n × $\frac{a^2}{4}$Cot$\left(\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{n}\right)$

• Inradius of a n sided regular polygon = $\frac{a}{2}$cot$\left(\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{n}\right)$

• Circumradius of a n sided regular polygon: $\frac{a}{2}$cosec$\left(\frac{\mathrm{\pi }}{n}\right)$

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• Height of a regular hexagon: a√3

• Distance between opposite vertices: 2a

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• Area of a regular hexagon: 6 × $\frac{\sqrt{3}{a}^2}{4}$

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