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Explanation:

It has been clearly given in the first paragraph as, “Eloquent testimony to the profit motive behind much of twelfth-century education was the lament of a student of Abelard around 1150 that “Christians educate their sons. … for gain, in order that the one brother, if he be a clerk, may help his father and mother and his other brothers.” That is, the education was for material gain (option 2).
Options 1 and 3 do not apply.
Option 4 can come close, but there is mention of profit motive rather than exploitation and therefore, option 2 is appropriate.

Hence, the correct answer is option 2.