Discussion

Explanation:

In paragraph 4, the author says: “When life is lived mainly in small, self-contained communities, men are able to take finer personal distinctions into account in dealing with their fellow men. They are unable to do this in a large and amorphous society, and organised living would be impossible here without a system of impersonal rules.” Impersonal rules are there to ensure equality and in smaller communities individuality thrives because personal expression can be encouraged and impersonal rules (to ensure equality) are lesser.  Therefore, there is a conflict between individuality and equality. Statement A can be inferred. This eliminates option 1.
Statement C can also be inferred. The same extract puts forth the idea that impersonal rules are essential and that in large systems organized living would be impossible without impersonal rules. That leaves us with option 4 as the answer.
But, let us check statements B and D as well. Statement B, is a slightly flawed representation – the same sentence says that finer personal distinctions can be taken into account by men in smaller communities than larger communities where impersonal rules have to be present. But the statement does not say that smaller communities need to have impersonal rules. In fact it implies that smaller communities may be able to get by without too many impersonal rules. Therefore, B cannot be inferred.
Statement D is a very tempting argument. Let us look at the statement where the author speaks about plans and schemes to achieve substantive equality - “It does not take people too long to realise that democracy by itself can guarantee only formal equality; beyond this, it can only whet people’s appetite for real or substantive equality. From this arises their continued preoccupation with plans and schemes that will help to bridge the gap between the ideal of equality and the reality which is so contrary to it. When pre-existing rules give no clear directions of change, leadership comes into its own.” So, yes, as the author points out that leadership and that too inspired leadership may help in bridging inequality, the author does not say that plans and schemes are entirely useless. In light of all these, A and C can be directly inferred.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

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