Discussion

Explanation:

Option 1 is incorrect. The example of these shrubs is provided in the passage to show the complexity of the workings of the subnivium. Eliminate option 1.
Option 2 is incorrect. The idea that shrubs are more likely to survive than trees is not one that may be inferred from anything stated in the passage. Eliminate option 2.
Option 3 is incorrect. The abundance of the two types of shrubs is not indicated in the passage. Eliminate option 3.
Option 4 is correct. The paragraph starts by stating that the effects of a colder subnivium are very complex and then proceeds to give the example of the two types of shrubs and their processes as examples of this complexity. It is therefore used to show that “the stability of the subnivium depends on several interrelated factors, including shrubs on the forest floor”.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

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