Discussion

Explanation:

Option 1 is incorrect. Option 1 states that Ernst Mayr was wrong. This is a misrepresentation – physical separation does cause speciation but Ehrlich and Raven argued that it was not the only cause. Eliminate option 1. Option 2 is incorrect. Option 2 is factually correct. The three groups of butterflies was the direct observation of the study. However, it does not sum up the argument of Ehrlich and Raven. Eliminate option 2.
Option 3 is correct. Option 3 summarizes the study – that while physical separation did cause speciation it was not as important as natural selection in causing speciation. Retain option 3.
Option 4 is incorrect. Option 4 is vague. It does not specify the group of population in which gene flow is less common and more erratic. Eliminate option 4.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.

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