Discussion

Explanation:

Option 1 is incorrect. The magnetic north is mentioned only in relation to the Chinese early compasses which were “actually oriented to point south.’ So it is incorrect to say that understanding of the magnetic north was the biggest contributor. Eliminate option 1.
Option 2 is incorrect. The European explorers were said to have an eastern orientation and navigated by the North Star. Apart from this, “no one knew what they were doing and where they were going” Eliminate option 2.
Option 3 is incorrect. Christian maps were oriented to the East with Jerusalem at the center. Hence, Christian maps did not contribute to the northern orientation of maps. Eliminate option 3.
Option 4 is correct. The passage does not specify what contributed to the northern orientation of maps. On the contrary, it merely states that the northern orientation happened in the last few hundred years. In the early history of maps dating back to 14000 years, there was no northern orientation. The passage does not give the reader any clue about what led to the northern orientation in the modern times.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

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