Discussion

Explanation:

From the third paragraph, “not only were all twelfth-century teachers except professionals and craftsmen in church orders, but in northern Europe students in schools had clerical status and looked like priests.” That shows that church influence played a major role. And the fourth paragraph starts as, “Despite all this, twelfth-century education was taking on many secular qualities in its environment, goals, and curriculum.”
Therefore, despite the influence, the education was donning secular qualities, a concept which is highlighted in option 4.
Option 1 is incorrect in lieu of paragraph 3. They were on church’s orders.
Option 2 applies to European schools.
Even if the term cleric had different implication, that does not make the schools secular (option 3).

Hence, the correct answer is option 4.

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